Chizuk Emunah (Pt 2) Under the Microscope: Chapter 40

Luke 23:34, "Then Jesus said, Father, pardon them, they know not what they do."

This appeal refutes the opinion of the Christians, who maintain that the Jews suffer the punishments of the Almighty for having put Jesus to death.

Can the Christians believe that God would not accept the supplication of Jesus?

Whether the supplication was accepted or not accepted, it is clear that the Jews do not lie under the punishment of the Almighty, in consequence of that deed. 

Clearly this prayer was heard, since the Jews were allowed to survive for a nation for another 40 years, and have been allowed to exist as a people group until this day. Not all instances of God's forgiveness mean that God has eliminated the consequences of the people's actions. David received forgiveness for his infidelity with Bathsheba, yet his child still died.

David said to Nathan, “I have sinned against the LORD.” And Nathan said to David, “The LORD also has put away your sin; you shall not die. Nevertheless, because by this deed you have utterly scorned the LORD, the child who is born to you shall die.” (2 Samuel 12:13-14)

Also, the passage is not explicit that Jesus was talking about the Jews. He was on the cross, surrounded not by the Pharisees, but by the Roman executioners. The context indicates that it is the Roman soldiers who are the subject of this passage.